Programming Basics (with C#)
The Book "Programming Basics with C#"
Preface
Who Is This Book Intended For?
Why Did We Choose C#?
Programming Is Learned by a Lot of Writing, Not Reading!
About the Software University (SoftUni)
Free Programming Courses at SoftUni
About the Judge System
How to Become a Programmer?
Skill #1 – Coding (20%)
Skill #2 – Algorithmic Thinking (30%)
Skill #3 – Fundamental Understanding of the Profession (25%)
Skill #4 - Programming Languages and Software Technologies (25%)
Programming Language Doesn't Matter!
The Book to Help Teachers
The Book in Other Programming Languages
The Story of This Book
License and Distribution
1. First Steps in Programming
What It Means "To Program"?
Computer Programs
Algorithms
Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters and Development Environments
Low and High Level Languages, Runtime Environments
Computer Programs - Compiling and Execution
Computer Programs – Examples
Example: A Program That Plays the Musical Note "A"
Example: A Program That Plays a Sequence of Musical Notes
Example: A Program That Converts BGN to EUR
How to Write a Console Application?
Development Environment (IDE)
How to Install Visual Studio Community
Online Development Environments
Project Solutions and Projects in Visual Studio
Example: Creating a Console Application "Hello C#"
Writing the Program Code
Starting the Program
Testing the Program in the Judge System
Test the Programs That Play Notes
Typical Mistakes in C# Programs
What We Learned in This Chapter?
Exercises: First Steps in Coding
Problem: Console Application “Expression”
Problem: Numbers from 1 to 20
Problem: A Triangle Made out of 55 Stars
Problem: Calculate Rectangle Area
* Problem: A Square Made out of Stars
Console, Graphical and Web Applications
Exercises: Graphical and Web Applications
Problem: Graphical Application „Sumator“ (Calculator)
Creating a New C# Project
Adding Text Fields and a Button
Resizing the Controls and Starting the Application
Writing the Program Code
Testing the Application
Solving the Problem and Retesting the Application
Web Application: "Sumator" (Calculator)
Creating a New C# Project
Creating a Web Form
Writing the Program Code
Testing the Application
2.1. Simple Calculations
System Console
Reading Integers from the Console
Example: Calculating a Square Area Using Side A
How Does the Example Work?
Calculations in Programming
Data Types and Variables
Reading Floating Point Numbers from the Console
Example: Converting Inches into Centimeters
Reading a Text
Example: Greeting by Name
Printing Text and Numbers
Arithmetic Operations
Summing up Numbers (Operator +)
Subtracting Numbers (Operator -)
Multiplying Numbers (Operator *)
Dividing Numbers (Operator /)
Dividing Integers
Dividing Floating Numbers
Concatenating Text and Number
Numerical Expressions
Example: Calculating Trapezoid Area
Example: Circle Area and Perimeter
Example: Rectangle Area in a Coordinate Plane
What We Learned in This Chapter?
Exercises: Simple Calculations
Blank Visual Studio Solution
Problem: Calculating Square Area
Tips and Tricks
Testing in the Judge System
Problem: Inches to Centimeters
Writing Program Code and Starting the Program
Setting up a Startup Project
Switching Between Programs
Testing a Program Locally
Testing in the Judge System
Problem: Greeting by Name
Problem: Concatenating Text and Numbers
Problem: Trapezoid Area
Problem: Circle Area and Perimeter
Problem: Rectangle Area in a Coordinate Plane
Problem: Triangle Area
Problem: Console Converter - from °C Degrees to °F Degrees
Problem: Console Converter - from Radians to Degrees
Problem: Console Converter - USD to BGN
Problem: * Console Currency Converter
Problem: ** Dates Calculations - 1000 Days on Earth
Graphical Applications with Numerical Expressions
Graphical Application: Converter from BGN to EUR
Creating a New C# Project
Adding Controls
Events and Event Handlers
Writing the Program Code and Testing the Application
Graphical Application: * Catch the Button!
2.2. Simple Calculations - Exam Problems
Reading Numbers from the Console
Writing Text Using Placeholders
Arithmetical Operators
Concatenation
Exam Problems
Problem: Training Lab
Sample Input and Output and Explanations
Tips and Tricks
Choosing Data Types
Solution - Part I
Solution - Part II
Problem: Vegetables Market
Tips and Tricks
Choosing Data Types
Solution
Problem: Changing Tiles
Tips and Tricks
Choosing Data Types
Reading the Input Data
Doing the Calculations
Problem: Money
Tips and Tricks
Choosing Data Types
Solution - Part I
Solution - Part II
Problem: Daily Earnings
Tips and Tricks
Choosing Data Types
Reading the Input Data and Doing the Calculations
Printing the Result
3.1. Simple Conditions
Comparing Numbers
Comparison Operators
Simple Conditions
Example: Excellent Grade
If-else Conditions
Example: Excellent Grade or Not
About Curly Braces {} After If / Else
Example: Even or Odd Number
Example: The Larger Number
Life of a Variable
Sequence of Conditions
Example: Digits in English
Exercises: Simple Conditions
Problem: Bonus Score
Tips and Tricks and Testing in the Judge System
Problem: Summing Up Seconds
Tips and Tricks and Testing in the Judge System
Problem: Metric Converter
Tips and Tricks and Testing in the Judge System
Debugging - Simple Operations with Debugger
Debugging in Visual Studio
Exercises: Simple Conditions
Problem: Excellent Grade
Creating a New C# Project
Writing the Program Code
Testing in the Judge System
Problem: Excellent Grade or Not
Starting a New C# Project and Writing the Program Code
Automatic Switching to the Current Project
Local Testing in the Judge System
Problem: Even or Odd
Tips and Tricks and Testing in the Judge System
Problem: Finding the Greater Number
Tips and Tricks and Testing in the Judge System
Problem: Typing a Digit in Words
Problem: Guess the Password
Problem: Numbers from 100 to 200
Problem: Identical Words
Problem: Speed Information
Problem: Areas of Figures
Problem: Time + 15 Minutes
Problem: Equal 3 Numbers
Problem: * Writing the Numbers from 0 to 100 in Words
Graphical (Desktop) Application: Currency Converter
Creating a New C# Project and Adding Controls
Configuring the Controls
Events and Event Handlers
Writing the Program Code
3.2. Simple Conditions - Exam Problems
Exam Problems
Problem: Transportation Price
Processing Input Data
Calculating Taxi Rate
Calculating Transportation Price
Printing the Output Data
Problem: Pipes in a Pool
Processing Input Data
Checking Input Data and Processing Output Data
Problem: Tom, the Sleep Cat
Reading the Input Data
Calculating Working Days
Calculating Playing Time
Checking Input Data and Processing Output Data
Problem: Harvest
Processing Input Data and Doing Calculations
Checking Input Data and Processing Output Data
Problem: Firm
Reading Input Data
Auxiliary Calculations
Processing Input Data and Printing Output Data
4.1. More Complex Conditions
Nested Conditions
Example: Titles According to Age and Sex
Solution
Example: Small Shop
Solution
More Complex Conditions
Logical "And"
How the && Operator Works ?
Example: Point in a Rectangle
Solution
Logical "Or"
How the || Operator Works ?
Example: Fruit or Vegetable
Solution
Logical Negation
Example: Invalid Number
The Parenthesis () Operator
More Complex Logical Conditions
Example: Point on a Rectangle Border
Solution
Example: Fruit Shop
Solution
Example: Trade Fees
Solution
Switch-case Conditional Construction
Example: Day of the Week
Multiple Switch-cases
Example: Animal Type
What We Learned in This Chapter?
Exercises: More Complex Conditions
Problem: Cinema
Tips and Tricks
Problem: Volleyball
Tips and Tricks
Problem: * Point in the Figure
Tips and Tricks
Implementation of the Described Idea
Exercises: Graphical Application with More Complex Conditions
Problem: * Point and Triangle – Graphical (GUI) Application
Creating a New C# Project and Adding Controls
Configuring the Controls
Events
Printing Point Position Compared to the Rectangle
Visualization of the Rectangle and the Point
Compiling and Testing the Application
4.2. More Complex Conditions – Exam Problems
Nested Conditions
Switch-case Conditions
Exam Problems
Problem: On Time for the Exam
Processing the Input Data
Calculating Exam Start Time and Student Arrival Time
Checking If the Student Arrived on Time or They Were Late
Calculating Time Difference
Printing the Result
Problem: Trip
Processing Input Data
Calculations
Writing the Program Code
Printing the Output
Problem: Operations with Numbers
Processing Input Data
Condition for 0
Condition for Division and Modular Division
Condition for Summing Up, Subtraction and Multiplying
Using Ternary Operator
Printing the Output
Problem: Game Tickets
Processing the Input Data
Calculating Transportation Costs
Calculating Ticket Costs
Calculating Total Costs and Printing the Output
Problem: Hotel Room
Processing the Input Data
Creating Helper Variables
Calculating Prices for Stay in May and October
Calculating Prices for Stay in June, September, July and August
Formatting the Output Data
5.1. Repetitions (Loops)
Repetitions of Code Blocks (For Loop)
Example: Numbers from 1 to 100
Example: Numbers up to 1000, Ending in 7
Example: All Latin Letters
Example: Summing up Numbers
Tips and Tricks
Example: The Max Number
Tips and Tricks
Example: The Min Number
Tips and Tricks
Example: Left and Right Sum
Tips and Tricks
Example: Even / Odd Sum
Tips and Tricks
Example: Summing up Vowels
Tips and Tricks
Code Snippet for For Loop in Visual Studio
What We Learned in This Chapter?
Exercises: Repetitions (Loops)
Blank Solution in Visual Studio
Problem: Element Equal to the Sum of the Rest
Problem: Even / Odd Positions
Problem: Equal Pairs
Exercises: Graphical and Web Applications
Problem: Drawing with a Turtle - Graphical (GUI) Application
Creating a New C# Project
Installing Turtle Graphics NuGet Package
Adding Buttons
Implementing the Draw Button and Testing the Application
Adding Complexity to the Turtle Code
Implementing the Buttons [Reset] and [Show / Hide Turtle]
Problem: * Drawing а Hexagon with the Turtle
Problem: * Drawing a Star with the Turtle
Problem: * Drawing a Spiral with the Turtle
Problem: * Drawing a Sun with the Turtle
Problem: * Drawing a Spiral Triangle with the Turtle
5.2. Loops – Exam Problems
For Loops
Exam Problems
Problem: Histogram
Tips and Tricks
Reading the Input Data
Distributing Numbers in Groups
Calculating Percentages
Printing the Output
Problem: Smart Lilly
Reading the Input Data
Creating Helper Variables
Calculating Savings
Formatting and Printing the Output
Problem: Back to the Past
Reading the Input Data
Iterating Years
Checking if Heritage is Enough and Printing the Output
Problem: Hospital
Reading the Input Data
Calculating the Number of Treated and Untreated Patients
Problem: Division Without Remainder
Tips and Tricks
Problem: Logistics
Tips and Tricks
6.1. Nested Loops
Example: Rectangle Made Out of 10 x 10 Stars
Example: Rectangle Made Out of N x N Stars
Nested Loops
Nested Loops - Examples
Examples: Square Made Out of Stars
Example: Triangle Made Out of Dollars
Example: Square Frame
Example: Rhombus Made Out of Stars
Example: Christmas Tree
Drawing More Complex Figures
Example: Sunglasses
Printing the Top and Bottom Row
Printing the Middle Rows
Example: House
Tips and Tricks
Reading the Input Data
Calculating Roof Length
Printing the Roof
Printing the Base
Example: Diamond
Tips and Tricks
Reading the Input Data and Printing the Top Part of the Diamond
Printing the Bottom Part of the Diamond
What We Learned in This Chapter?
Exercises: Printing Figures in Web Environment
Problem: Ratings – Visualization in a Web Environment
Creating a New C# Project
Creating a Web Form
Adding the DrawRatings Method
Adding Star Images
Starting the Project
6.2. Nested Loops - Exam Problems
Exam Problems
Problem: Drawing a Fortress
Reading the Input Data
Calculating and Printing the Roof
Printing the Body of the Castle
Printing the Base of the Castle
Problem: Butterfly
Reading the Input Data and Printing the Top Wing
Printing the Body and the Bottom Wing
Problem: "Stop" Sign
Reading the Input Data and Printing the Starting Row
Printing the Top Part of the Sign
Printing the Middle Row and the Bottom Part of the Sign
Problem: Arrow
Reading the Input Data and Printing the Starting Row
Printing the Body and the Middle Row of the Arrow
Printing the Bottom Part of the Arrow
Problem: Axe
Calculating the Number of Dashes and Printing the Top Part of the Axe
Printing the Handle
Printing the Bottom Part of the Axe
7.1. More Complex Loops
Loop Steps
What is a Loop Step?
Example: Numbers from 1 to N with a Step of 3
Example: Numbers from N to 1 Backwards
Example: Numbers from 1 to 2^n with a For Loop
Example: Even Powers of 2
While Loop
What is a White Loop?
Example: Sequence of Numbers 2k+1
Example: Numbers in the Range 1 … 100
Greatest Common Divisor
Euclidean Algorithm
Example: Greatest Common Divisor
Do-while Loop
Example: Factorial Calculation
Example: Summing Up Digits of a Number
Infinite Loops and the Break Operator
What is an Infinite Loop?
Break Operator
Example: Prime Numbers
Example: Prime Number Check. Break Operator
Algorithm Implementation
Example: Break Operator in an Infinite Loop
Algorithm Implementation
Nested Loops and the Break Operator
Wrong Implementation
Correct Implementation
Dealing with Invalid Data: Try-catch
What is Try-catch?
The Try-catch Construction
Example: Dealing with Invalid Numbers Using Try-catch
Idea Implementation
Problems with Loops
Problem: Fibonacci Numbers
Tips and Tricks
Problem: Numbers Pyramid
Tips and Tricks
Idea Implementation
Problem: Numbers Table
Tips and Tricks
Idea Implementation
What We Learned in This Chapter?
Exercises: Web Applications with More Complex Loops
Problem: "Shoot at the Fruits!" Web Game
Creating a New C# Project
Creating the Game Controls
Preparing Fruits for Visualization
Generating Random Fruits
Adding Game Images
Visualizing the Fruits
Changing the Text in Layout
Testing the Application
Shooting at Fruits
Implementation of Shooting at Fruits
Secondary Testing of the Application
Implementation of the Game End
Final Testing of the Application
7.2. More Complex Loops - Exam Problems
Exam Problems
Problem: Dumb Passwords Generator
Tips and Tricks
Reading and Processing Input Data
Processing and Printing the Output
Did You Know That…?
Problem: Magic Numbers
For Loop Solution
While Loop Solution
Writing While Loop
Using Infinite While Loop
Problem: Stop Number
Tips and Tricks
Problem: Special Numbers
Tips and Tricks
Problem: Digits
Tips and Tricks
8.1. Preparation for the Practical Exam - Part I
Practical Exam in "Programming Basics”
Online Evaluation System (Judge)
Simple Calculation Problems
Problem: Triangle Area in the Coordinate Plane
Reading the Input Data
Calculating Triangle Height and Side
Calculating and Printing the Triangle Area
Problem: Carrying Bricks
Reading the Input Data and Calculating the Number of Bricks per Course
Calculating and Printing the Total Number of Courses
Simple Conditions Problems
Problem: Point on a Line
Reading the Input Data and Calculating the Distance to the Nearest End of the Line
Determining if the Point is On the Line or Outside the Line and Printing the Results
Problem: Point in a Figure
Tips and Tricks
Determining Point Location
Complex Conditions Problems
Problem: Date After 5 Days
Reading and Processing the Input Data
Adding 5 Days
Printing the Result
Problem: Sum of 3 Numbers
Reading the Input Data and Composing Solution Frame
Reading the Code Frame
Simple Loops Problems
Problem: Sums with Step of 3
Reading the Input Data
Distributing the Numbers and Printing the Results
Problem: Sequence of Incremental Elements
Reading the Input Data and Creating Additional Variables
Determining Incremental Sequence
Finding the Longest Row and Printing the Result
Problems with Drawing Figures in the Console
Problem: Perfect Diamond
Tips and Reading the Input Data
Printing the Top Half of the Diamond
Printing the Bottom Part of the Diamond
Problem: Rectangle with Stars in the Center
Reading the Input Data and Printing the First and the Last Row
Printing the Middle Rows
Adding Stars in the Rectangle Center
Nested Loops Problems with More Complex Logic
Problem: Incremental Numbers in Sets of 4
Reading the Input Data
Implementation with 2 Numbers
Implementation for Sequence of 4 Numbers
Problem: Generating Rectangles
Reading the Input Data and Providing a Sample Solution Idea
Calculating Rectangles Area and Printing the Result
8.2. Preparation for the Practical Exam - Part II
Exam Problems
Problem: Distance
Tips and Tricks
Reading the Input Data
Converting the Input Data into Appropriate Types
Helper Variable
Selecting Calculations Type
Calculating Travel Distance
Calculating and Printing the Output
Problem: Changing Tiles
Tips and Tricks
Problem: Flowers Shop
Separating the Constant Values in Variables
Reading the Input Data
Preparing the Program Logic
Problem: Grades
Reading the Input Data and Creating Helper Variables
Allocating Students into Groups
Problem: Christmas Hat
Problem Analysis
Guidelines for Drawing the Dynamic Part of the Figure
Problem: Letters Combination
Reading the Input Data
Printing All Symbols from Start to End
Printing Combination of Three Symbols
9.1. Problems for Champions – Part I
More Complex Problems on the Studied Material
Problem: Crossing Sequences
Example
Tips and Tricks, and Processing the Input Data
Generating a Tribonacci Sequence
Generating a Numbers Spiral
Finding a Common Number for the Sequences
Alternative Solution
Problem: Magic Dates
Tips and Tricks
Loop Through All Dates
Calculating Weight
Printing the Output
Problem: Five Special Letters
Reading the Input Data
Generating All Combinations
Removing Repetitive Letters
Calculating Weight
Preparing the Output
Final Touches
9.2. Problems for Champions – Part II
More Complex Problems on the Studied Material
Problem: Passion Purchase Days
Tips and Tricks
Processing the Input Data
Reading the Commands
Processing Command Symbols
Formatting the Output
Problem: Numerical Expression
Example
Tips and Tricks, and Reading the Input Data
Creating Helper Variables
Defining the Program Structure
Implementing the Described Idea
Calculating the Sub-expression Value
Formatting the Output
Problem: Bulls and Cows
Tips and Tricks
Reading the Input Data
Declaring a Flag
Generating Four Digit Numbers
Creating Additional Variables
Calculating the Bulls
Calculating the Cows
Printing the Output
10. Method
What Is a "Method"?
Simple Methods
Why Use Methods?
Declaring Methods
Calling Methods
Example: Blank Receipt
Tips and Tricks
Methods with Parameters
Using Parameters in Methods
Example: Sign of an Int Number
Optional Parameters
Example: Printing the Triangle
Example: Drawing a Filled in Square
Returning a Result from a Method
Return Value Types
The Return Operator
The Return Operator - Example
The Code After Return is Inaccessible
Usage of Returned Value
Example: Calculating Triangle Area
Example: Math Power
Methods Returning Multiple Values
Declaring ValueTuple
Method Returning Multiple Values
Methods Overloading
Method Signature
Methods Overloading
Signature and Return Value Type
Example: Greater of Two Values
Creating the Methods
Reading the Input Data and Using the Methods
Nested Methods (Local Functions)
What is a Local Function?
Why Use Local Functions?
Declaring Local Functions
Methods Naming. Good Practices When Working with Methods
Methods Naming
Method Parameters Naming
Good Practices When Working with Methods
Code Structure and Formatting
What We Learned in This Chapter?
Exercises
Problem: "Hello, Name!"
Problem: Min Method
Problem: String Repeater
Problem: N-th Digit
Problem: Integer to Base
Problem: Notifications
Problem: Numbers to Words
Tips and Tricks
Problem: String Encryption
Tips and Tricks
11. Tricks and Hacks
Code Formatting
Official C# Code Conventions
Shortcuts in Visual Studio
Naming Code Elements
Naming Projects and Files
Naming Variables
Examples
Shortcuts in Visual Studio
Code Snippets)
Creating Your Own Code Snippet
Exploring the Existing Code Snippets for C#
Changing an Existing Snippet
Saving and Testing the Code Snippet
Techniques for Debugging Your Code
Debugging in Visual Studio
Starting the Program in Debug Mode
Tricks Guidebook
Inserting Variables in Strings
Formatting with 2 Decimal Places
Other Rounding Methods
Rounding with a Placeholder
How to Write a Conditional Construction?
How to Write For Loops?
What We Learned in This Chapter?
Conclusion
This Book is Only the First Step!
How to Proceed After This Book?
The Software Engineer Profession in SoftUni
Education Duration in SoftUni
It Takes at Least a Year of Intense Code Writing to Become a Programmer
Entry Exam in SoftUni
Curriculum for Software Engineers
How Many Hours Per Day Does the Training Take?
SoftUni for Working and Studying People
The Software Engineer Profession in Your Own Way
Online Communities for Beginners in Programming
Good Luck to All!
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